Can the total carbon emissions of all production processes in a factory exceed the total emissions based on the Installation?

Yes, the total carbon emissions of all production processes in a factory can appear to exceed the total emissions based on the installation-level (facility-level) reporting, but this usually reflects differences in boundary definitions, data sources, or accounting methods, not actual excess emissions. Installation-level emissions typically refer to what is reported under regulatory schemes like the EU ETS or national inventories. These are usually based on Scope 1 emissions (direct emissions from fuel combustion, industrial processes, etc.) within a well-defined geographic or operational boundary of the facility. These emissions are often verified and tightly controlled. In contrast, production process-level emissions may include more detailed or granular estimates, sometimes capturing emissions from multiple overlapping sources (e.g., auxiliary systems, temporary equipment, or third-party operations within the site) that may not be fully reflected in the installation-level reporting. Additionally, if Scope 2 (purchased electricity) and Scope 3 emissions (supply chain activities, waste, etc.) are added when calculating process-level emissions, the total could easily surpass what is reported for the installation.